New English Rule Book for Star Trek: The Invasion of Klingon Empire

 Get the Rule Book on BoardGameGeek.com

Star Trek: The Invasion of Klingon Empire (Tsukuda Hobby, 1982)

Scott Muldoon and I have completed our English translation of the rules for Star Trek: The Invasion of Klingon Empire (スタートレック：クリンゴン帝国の侵略) and posted the new rule book on BoardGameGeek.com. The document also includes a translation of a later article about the game with variant rules for the Romulan Star Empire*.

Get it here (may require site registration): https://boardgamegeek.com/filepage/291961/star-trek-the-invasion-of-klingon-empire-english-r

What is The Invasion of Klingon Empire?

"The Invasion of [the] Klingon Empire" appears to be taken from the Japanese title of the TOS episode "Errand of Mercy" (S1 E27). In that episode, the Enterprise defends the planet Organia from an invasion by Klingons, but the Organians don't need or want the Federation's help. By the end of the episode, the Federation and Klingon Empire are held to a peace treaty, brokered and enforced by the super-powerful Organians.

The Organian Peace Treaty is paramount to the game's backstory. The Klingon Empire breaks the treaty by invading Federation space, somehow evading the Organians' enforced peace (this is never explained in the game, but the Klingons disable the Organians by surrounding Organia with an energy shield**). The Romulan Star Empire takes the opportunity to also invade the Federation, breaking their treaty as well. The game is a galaxy-spanning war with a grand strategic scale. 

This is the first strategic-scale simulation game that incorporates production designed and published in Japan*.

Photo by Sigplayer (source)

The Federation and Klingon players strike out from their home regions, racing across the galaxy to capture and hold various star systems. Each faction constructs starbases, base stations, and factories at these systems to build and maintain its fleet of starships in an all-out war with the other faction. The Federation has lost survey data for many of the deep-space locations far from Earth and must map out known space with three explorer vessels: USS Lexington, USS Constitution, and USS Enterprise.

Additionally, Enterprise is also tasked with carrying out assorted missions throughout the game. The ship may have to pick up diplomats for a important meeting at Babel, deliver medicine to a plague-ravaged colony, or even visit Vulcan to deal with a Vulcan crew member's reproductive cycle. There are several scenarios included with the game and the Federation player must complete Enterprise missions as part of their victory conditions.

Battle board, Photo by Hayaru (source)

When friendly and enemy units move into the same hex at the same time, a battle occurs. The battling units all move to a separate battle board where they are lined up in different battle lanes, either in forward or rearward position. There is also a secondary line where defense satellites and starbases are played into battle. The battle board allows for tactical maneuvers, jockeying into a preferred weapon range, breaking through enemy defenses to attack the secondary line, or withdrawing from combat altogether.

Photo by Hayaru (source)

There are a lot of units in the game, which can become unwieldy as there is no stacking limit for a single hex (each hex is 10 parsecs, 32.6 light years, across - plenty of room!). The designers admit that this proliferation of counters actually impairs the game's playability*****. Ships in the game can move for nigh unlimited distances along green "warp routes" printed on the map, as long as the warp route has been secured by friendly forces. This keeps the vast distances in the game manageable in this war of attrition. Replacement forces can move to the front lines within one movement phase.

The game certainly has a grand strategic scale and I find the battle rules to be simple and clever. They are a far cry from the intensely detailed tactical combat of Star Fleet Battles, but they don't need to be. Calculating maintenance and production values of all the factories and space stations in your fleet can be daunting, but the game's log sheet does alleviate some of that pain. It is a typical simulation game of the era where a several-hour play time is expected. The counters are cleanly detailed, but many ship models appear to be repeated, so they are hard to differentiate at a glance. If there were any changes I'd make, it would start by simplifying the maintenance/production rules and redesign all of the counters to read better at a distance.

Who still plays this game?

I have found a few recent blog posts from gamers who played this game in recent years. I do not own an original copy of the game (this was a joint effort to translate) and have cited photos from these blogs for illustrative purposes only.

Sigplayer (a.k.a. Michael): https://slgplayer.exblog.jp/27265273/

Hayaru: https://hayaru01.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/04/03/214636

Who made this game?

Game design credit goes to Toru Nakajima (中島徹) and Tadatoshi Ishii (石井忠俊) of the Keio HQ Simulation Game Club of Keio University in Tokyo. They completed the game's design in October 1982*** and Tsukuda published it soon thereafter. The designers wanted to make sure that the game didn't look or play like a similar game in the USA***** (probably Star Fleet Battles). I don't know if these two designed any other published games.

When the simulation game boom started in Japan in the early 1980s, the most experienced wargame designers were amateur fans printing small runs of games in loose small press groups called dōjin circles. Several dōjin circles were formed in university game clubs, like Keio's HQ Club. 

Tsukuda (as Tsukuda Hobby) launched their line of bookcase style "hobby games" in 1982 and turned to these amateurs for creative work. THQ was the first group to work with Tsukuda, followed by Keio HQ in fall 1982****, mere months before this game was published. The dōjin circles acted as design studios for Tsukuda in what seems like a similar relationship between game studio and publisher in the modern video games industry.

A recent sign inviting new Keio University students to join the HQ Simulation Club (source)

The Keio HQ Simulation Game Club still exists today as the Head Quarter Simulation Club at Keio University in Tokyo. The club still designs games, often crediting the entire club rather than individual designers for the work. You can follow the club's activities on Twitter.

Yoshifumi "Lone Star" Sakatani of Star Fleet: Base Tokyo also served as advisor on the game. Instead of a game club, Base Tokyo was probably a chapter of the STARFLEET association of Star Trek fan clubs that was founded in 1974.

Tsukuda's other Star Trek Board Game

Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (Tsukuda Hobby, 1983)

Tsukuda Hobby developed another Star Trek simulation game at the same time: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (Tsukuda Hobby, 1983) based on the 1982 movie of the same name (actually, the gameplay seems to be completely unrelated to the film). The designers of Invasion of Klingon Empire wanted to make it clear that they were not involved in the creation of the Star Trek II game***** (Star Trek II was designed by Kazutoyo Ishii (石井一豊)******, who could be a relative of Tadatoshi Ishii).

Unlike Invasion of Klingon Empire, this game simulates journeying through deep space to explore the unknown and engaging in tactical scale battles with one or a few ships on either side.

Tsukuda's Star Trek RPG: Enterprise

Enterprise (Tsukuda Hobby, 1983)

Tsukuda Hobby's main interest in the Keio HQ Simulation Club is to enlist the club's talents to create role-playing games****. Keio HQ member Yutaka Tama (多摩 豊) wrote the pioneering Enterprise: Role Play Game in Star Trek, published in a big box with a rule book, scenario book, dice, and full-color character cards. As far as I can tell, this was the first standalone role-playing game designed and published in Japan for a domestic audience*******. "Lone Star" Sakatani served as advisor on this game as well.

Fellow Japanese game translator Robert Saint John translated the Enterprise rules, available here: http://www.robertsaintjohn.com/groknard/JRPGEN_Enterprise.pdf

Enterprise did not have further material support after the first boxed set, but the core game system was re-used for Crusher Joe: Role Play Game in Crusher Joe (Tsukuda Hobby, 1984). 

Tama mentioned The Invasion of Klingon Empire as "Mr. Nakajima's Star Trek" in his "Designer's Notes" section of the Enterprise rule book. He laments that the game loses the charm of Star Trek as, being a strategy game, the focus is on the ships and the galaxy instead of the characters.You can read Robert Saint John's translation of the Tama's Designer's Notes here: https://groknard.blogspot.com/2009/02/enterprise-rpg-tama-yutakas-designers.html

Tsukuda's oversized miniatures

Star Trek Miniature Series 1: Dreadnought and Heavy Cruiser (Tsukuda Hobby, 1984)

Tsukuda was also a manufacturer of plastic model kits and they sold several sets of plastic gaming miniatures based on TOS ships, like the one seen above. Each model came with a clear plastic stand that would fit easily on a large game board. These may have been the same models that Lou Zocchi sourced and sold through GameScience, but I haven't confirmed that.

The miniatures are ostensibly made for The Invasion of Klingon Empire, but they are far too big to fit on the game's tiny hexes or to be used at a strategic scale. The miniatures wouldn't work with Star Trek II as they are from the wrong time period and Enterprise doesn't have any rules for starships. This is puzzling as Tsukuda produced smaller miniatures to work on their other board games, such as tiny plastic tank figures for use with Tiger I (Tsukuda Hobby, 1982). So, they produced these miniatures that do not work with any of Tsukuda Hobby's Star Trek games.

End notes:

* Published in Yoshifumi "Lone Star" Sakatani's article "Star Trek Designer's Comments," Tactics, No. 7, January 1983.

** As seen in the 1970 novel by James Blish, Spock Must Die!, Bantam Books.

*** As seen in the "Designers' Notes" chapter by Nakajima and Ishii in the Star Trek: The Invasion of Klingon Empire instruction manual.
**** As seen in "Interview: Tsukuda Hobby's Masaaki Suzuki," Simulator, No. 3, March 1983, 15-16.

***** As seen in "Cross Review," Simulator, No. 3, March 1983, 8.

****** I can't find designer credits in the Star Trek II game itself, but credits are in the article "Game Guide New Releases News," Tactics, No. 11, September-October 1983, 65.

******* One earlier Japanese RPG was published as a magazine article "Donkey Commando," Tactics, No. 3, May-June 1982, 28-38.

Introduction to The Fantasy Game, part 2

As I covered in my previous post, I've been working on a retro-clone of the original 1974/1975 era Dungeons & Dragons rules titled The Fantasy Game. That post describes the first book, the Basic Player Guide, which covers rules for character creation, combat, magic, and exploration, which is roughly equal to Men & Magic, volume 1 of the three LBBs (little brown books) in the original boxed D&D set.

All work shown here is considered work-in-progress and is not final.

The Fantasy Game: Expert Referee Guides

My next two books in The Fantasy Game series are designed for the referee, transforming and re-editing the information found in Monsters & Treasure, volume 2 of the LBBs of OD&D.

Monster Menagerie

Expert Referee Guide: Monster Menagerie

This guide collects information only for the creatures and monsters described in the original Monsters & Treasure book. The only monsters that were not included from that book are the poorly described "other" monsters, such as titans, cyclopses, juggernauts, living statues, robots, golems, and androids (listed as "self-explanatory"). However, I did include the briefly mentioned salamander monster.

Monster Menagerie excerpt: Guide to Monsters

I created a custom stat block for monster information that collects the important data found in disparate locations of the original rules, like the Monster Reference Table (Monsters & Treasure), the Character Alignment, Including Various Monsters & Creatures table (Men & Magic), extrapolated Morale quality values (Chainmail), and other information found in monster descriptions (Monsters & Treasure, Chainmail). The original game has scattered rules for certain "types" of monsters, such as undead, person, giant, and elemental, (especially with turning, charming, and controlling magics) so I explicitly specify if a monster fits a certain type in its stat block.

Now that I've posted the excerpt above, I've spotted a few spelling and formatting mistakes that I have already fixed.

Monster Menagerie excerpt: Griffon to Hobgoblin

Yes, a hobgoblin is a "person" (as clarified in the description of the charm person spell in Men & Magic) and a griffon and a hippogriff are both considered to be "chimeras" (as per description of CHIMEREA (s.p.) in Chainmail).

Trove of Treasures

Expert Referee Guide: Trove of Treasures

The first section of Trove of Treasures consists of random treasure tables for use in determining the belongings of any monsters described in Monster Menagerie. Each monster is given a treasure type code of a letter between A and I. Type A is for bands of humans (such as bandits, nomads, or pirates) and varies by where they live (land, desert, or water). The other letter codes are generally more valuable as they go up in the alphabet, with varying chances of coins, gems, jewelry, treasure maps, and magic items.

Trove of Treasures excerpt: first page of Magic Swords descriptions

The majority of the book is dedicated to the descriptions of various magic items that may be found. The largest section details the rules for magic swords, which runs 3 1/2 pages. Magic swords in the original rules are incredibly powerful in comparison to any other editions. Every magic sword, even a lowly +1 broadsword, has an alignment with some level of intelligence and a chance to get into an ego conflict with its wielder. About half of all magic swords can communicate in some way with its wielder and has mental powers (such as detect magic or fly). Other miscellaneous types of magic weapons, even the mighty +3 war hammer, do not have these special attributes.

Magic swords truly seem to be the balancing factor of power between the original three classes. Clerics and magic-users learn to cast more powerful spells as they increase in levels, but fighting-men (or the later standardized "fighters") are the only ones who can wield the full power of magic swords. That is, until the thief class was first published in summer of 1974, ruled as being "able to employ magic swords and daggers" (Gary Gygax, The Thief Addition, 1974).

Trove of Treasures excerpt: Artifacts

Later OD&D supplements (Eldritch Wizardry and Gods, Demi-gods, & Heroes) include rules for specific artifacts and relics that would become part of the D&D product identity or hail from literature and legend. The original LBB volumes briefly mention names for possible artifacts with no descriptions, such as teleportation machine and stone crystallization projector. In my version, I researched and collected a list of example artifacts found in legends and literature that have served or could serve as inspiration for items of powerful magic in a fantasy RPG campaign.

Introduction to The Fantasy Game, part 1

As I posted about briefly in my last post, I am currently co-teaching a History of Role-Playing Games course at Drexel University. The course is a mix of lectures about the history and evolution of RPGs, written reports about specific RPGs, and with in-class activities to create characters, monsters, campaign locations, and play through an adventure using the original 1974-1975 Dungeons & Dragons (OD&D) rules.

This brought something of a dilemma - how do I distribute copies of the game rules to my class? Most of the activities would be in class, but I also wanted them to have the rules to refer to outside of class. I could theoretically distribute PDFs of the rules, citing fair use, but I am wary of the appearance of copyright infringement. The original rules are available for purchase in pdf for the 1974 price of $9.99, but I prefer to offer my students an option that does not eat into their pizza funds. Besides, I didn't want to burden them with the task of understanding how to translate those original, unedited rules.

Retro-clones were the way to go, but which one? I offered Swords & Wizardry White Box, since the creators have graciously made the older versions of the rules free to use. Marcia B.'s critical and thorough Fantastic Medieval Campaigns is nearly ideal, and even includes Chainmail, though I found myself disagreeing with some of her interpretations of the rules (not to disparage her work, these are matters of personal opinion). After the course had already started, The Basic Expert release another OD&D retro-clone, Wight-Box.

These were all good options, and all essentially compatible with one another, but I knew I wouldn't be satisfied unless I crafted my own retro-clone for the class. This would also be an academic research project to finely analyze, comprehend, clarify, and disseminate the earliest of RPG rules.

The Fantasy Game: Basic Player Guide

I set to work rewriting those original 1974 role-playing game rules with a modern sensibility. I adapted the layout of another "fantasy heartbreaker" project of my own design that I'd been working on. For that project, I'd also collected a vast amount of public domain artwork from the classic era of book illustrations (in true retro-clone fashion) that work well for this implied fantasy world. Unlike most other retro-clones, each illustration is credited with the name of the artist (if known) and the publication it was printed in. Much like the 1974 rules, I created 3 rules booklets, though the contents of my books differ somewhat from the 3 LBBs.

I decided to incorporate a few rules that were added a short time after the original game's publication. I did not want to incorporate Greyhawk rules for ability score bonuses, hit point and damage adjustments, and other changes. However, I did adapt the "open doors" rule from Greyhawk (based on strength) into a general rule useful for "ability checks." The common ability check method (roll d20 under you ability score to succeed at a task) is somewhat maligned for being too easy to succeed at (average ability score has more than 50% chance to succeed) and not fitting with other OD&D resolution systems. The open doors check, however, gives an average character a 2-in-6 chance to succeed, and up to 5-in-6 chance to succeed for an 18 strength. I adapted that rule into a feat check to succeed at any test of strength, intelligence, wisdom, dexterity, charisma, or constitution.

I also added the weapon effectiveness charts from Greyhawk (otherwise, there is almost no difference between weapons that all do 1d6 damage), the thief class rules from The Thief Addition (with a nod to fellow Californian Gary Switzer and his Aurania campaign group that came up with the idea),  The Strategic Review FAQ, some equipment weights in Warlock, clarifications on spells and combat from Swords & Spells, and the ability for 1st level magic-users to scribe scrolls from the original Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set edited by Dr. J. Eric Holmes. Otherwise, the rules were as interpreted from the 1974 rules and from Chainmail.

Character Creation and Combat

Basic Player Guide: Character Creation and Combat

The character creation rules were the most critically important rules for my students as they would be rolling up new characters in the second week of the course. That includes how to roll up ability scores, species and class descriptions, alignment, money, equipment, and magic spells. I also wanted to include rules for exploration and combat, which consists of to-hit charts, saving throws, time and movement scales, order of combat, reaction rolls, and morale. The combat rules may end up in a separate booklet later, but for now, they are in with character creation.

I call this a "basic" player guide as the rules only cover characters up to 4th level of experience ("from zero to hero"). This saved me a lot of time in writing up spell descriptions.

Doing Things in the Game

Character Creation and Combat excerpt: Doing Things in the Game

The book needed to start with a guide to when you roll dice, what dice to roll, and why. Analyzing the OD&D rules, I determined there are several basic ways to "do things" that require a dice roll to determine if they happen or not.

Roll d20 and meet or exceed a target number: to-hit rolls and saving throws.

Roll 1d6 and roll low for a thing to happen: find secret doors, fall into a trap, get surprised, and the afore-mentioned "feat check."

Roll 2d6 and roll high to influence someone: reaction rolls, turn undead, and morale checks.

Roll d100 less than or equal to skill rating: most thief skills.

Roll several d6 and add them together, attempt to beat another character's roll: this covers the unusual grappling rules included in the Strategic Review FAQ, something I call a contest roll.

Other Changes

Character Creation and Combat excerpt: Character Classes

Fighting-man and magic-user changed to fighter and wizard.

Race changed to species. On that note, the term hobbit is replaced with halfling.

Order of combat is derived from Swords & Spells, clarifying who acts first in a mixed combat of missile weapons, magics, and melee attacks.

I derived the morale rules from Chainmail, just like the original rules recommend, but the question is: which morale rules? Chainmail has no less than three different morale systems: "post melee morale,"  a morale check for "instability due to excess casualties," and a morale check to "withstand a charge by mounted men." Chainmail's The Fantasy Supplement has specific Morale Ratings for different fantastic creatures in post melee morale, but that rule nigh unusable in an RPG combat. I adapted the "instability due to excess casualties" and had to extrapolate the melee values for various non-human combatants.

Coming soon, I'll write about the other books in this series.

Book update: Fifty Years of Dungeons & Dragons

I am happy to announce the upcoming publication of the book chapter "'Dr. Holmes, I Presume?' How a California Neurology Professor Penned the First Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set," co-authored with Zach "Zenopus" of Zenopus Archives. It will be published in Fifty Years of Dungeons & Dragons, scheduled for release on May 14, 2024.

This 392 page tome features 20 chapters by a variety of authors about the history, influence, and the future of Dungeons & Dragons, complete with black and white illustrations by C. Liersch. I am happy to be sharing contributor credits with the likes of Jon Peterson, Gary Alan Fine, Aaron Trammell, and Amanda Cote. The retail price of $35.00 is downright reasonable for an peer-reviewed work of this size. See the book now at the MIT Press website: https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262547604/fifty-years-of-idungeons-and-dragonsi/

Our chapter revolves around the life of Dr. J. Eric Holmes and the strange set of circumstances that led this unlikely medical professor from California who had never played a wargame to be the first to author a revision to the original D&D rules for TSR. This is also a history of role-playing games in California, especially the Los Angeles and San Francisco communities, which spawned many varied ways to play in the "California gaming" scene. These are the waters of creation from which rose Runequest, Arduin, Alarums & Excursions, The Manual of Aurania, Warlock, and more, not to mention terms like "dungeon master" and the dice notation system (d8, 2d6, d100, etc.) that we all take for granted.

Early California gaming is a subject that I've written about here on this blog:

California Gaming Part I - Steve Perrin

California Gaming Part II - Erol Otus

I am currently teaching a History of Role-Playing Games course at Drexel University and presented a special lecture based on our chapter.

Don't miss my co-author Zenopus and his take on our chapter at the Zenopus Archives blog:

https://zenopusarchives.blogspot.com/2024/04/50-years-of-d-forthcoming-book-from-mit.html